Types of Fiber Optic Sensor Structures
Fiber optic sensors are classified into intrinsic, extrinsic, and hybrid types based on how the fiber interacts with the measurand.
1. Intrinsic Fiber Optic Sensors
Intrinsic sensors use the optical fiber itself as the sensing element. The measurand, such as strain, temperature, or pressure, directly affects the light traveling within the fiber. Changes in intensity, phase, polarization, wavelength, or transit time of light are measured to determine the physical quantity. These sensors can provide distributed sensing over long distances and are highly resistant to electromagnetic interference, making them suitable for structural health monitoring, aerospace, and industrial applications .
2. Extrinsic Fiber Optic Sensors
Extrinsic sensors have the sensing element located outside the fiber. The fiber acts primarily as a light conduit, transmitting light to and from the external transducer. The modulation of light occurs outside the fiber, and the fiber simply carries the signal to the processing electronics. This type is ideal for remote sensing in harsh or inaccessible environments, such as measuring temperature inside jet engines or electrical transformers where electromagnetic interference is high .
3. Hybrid Fiber Optic Sensors
Hybrid sensors combine features of both intrinsic and extrinsic types. The fiber carries light into and out of the sensing device, while part of the sensing may occur within the fiber itself. This approach allows for enhanced sensitivity and versatility, enabling applications that require both distributed sensing and external transduction, such as advanced industrial monitoring and biomedical sensing .
Summary
- Intrinsic: Fiber itself senses the measurand; light modulation occurs inside the fiber.
- Extrinsic: Fiber transmits light to/from an external sensor; modulation occurs outside the fiber.
- Hybrid: Combines intrinsic and extrinsic features for flexible sensing solutions. These structural types form the foundation for a wide range of fiber optic sensor applications, including strain, temperature, pressure, chemical detection, and current measurement, offering high precision, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and suitability for extreme environments .
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